Development of the Submillimeter Band

This short article attempts to summarize my contribution to the field of submillimeter spectroscopy in the dense interstellar medium. It is taken mainly from my recollections and as a result some of the dates may be inaccurate. It covers most of the enabling receiver technology from frequencies of about 100 GHz to 2 THz and discusses the development of hot electron bolometers (HEB) and superconducting tunnel junction detectors (SIS). Many new molecular lines and some atomic lines have been revealed. These detectors are in use in the modern major projects such as ALMA and Herschel and will play their part in the many exciting projects of the next decade. Certainly one of the major contributions to the field has been the generation of many students who obtained Ph.D.s (14) and postdocs (25) in my group. The total number of national and international students who have obtained Ph.D.s (75) with use of the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO) and those who are currently studying using the CSO (44) is even more impressive

InSb Heterodyne Receivers For Submillimeter Astronomy

InSb hot electron bolometer mixer receivers have been used for submillimeter line studies of the interstellar medium up to frequencies of about 500 GHz (600u). Detections of new interstellar lines have been made, such as the ground state fine structure transition of atomic carbon at 492 GHz, and various transitions of molecules such as carbon monoxide and water. The bulk of this work has been performed with the NASA Kuiper Airborne Observatory telescope which is transported to an altitude of aboutl2,000 km by a C141 aircraft, so avoiding most of the effects of the Earth's atmosphere. Some observations have also been made at ground observatories with the 5 m Hale telescope at Mount Palomar and the NASA In-frared Telescope Facility at Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The heterodyne bolometer receivers have achieved noise temperatures of less than 400 K at all frequencies up to 500 GHz. Develop-ment work continues to extend the frequency range further into the submillimeter band

UPDATED GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS OF MICHIGAN HERPETOFAUNA:: A SYNTHESIS OF OLD AND NEW SOURCES

Recently a comprehensive overview of reptiles and amphibians in Michigan was published. Unfortunately, the distributions of the species represented were compiled before widespread accessibility to technological tools providing greater access to museum and historical records as well as citizen science efforts. To update the known ranges of Michigan herpetofauna, published literature, museum collections, and photographic vouchers submitted to an online database were examined and 339 new county and island records were added, updating the maps for 48 of Michigan’s 55 known species of reptiles and amphibians. I also present the first published list of Michigan amphibians that includes two new plethodontid salamanders, the Northern Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus fuscus) and Southern Two-lined Salamander (Eurycea cirrigera). This paper serves as an example of the wealth of information available to scientists that may have previously been unobtainable, and can be used for the distribution of herpetofauna elsewhere

[Review of] Carol Trosset. Welshness Performed: Welsh Concepts of Person and Society

Wales, ruled by native princes until the thirteenth-century and subsequently governed from London, contains a population of about three million, twenty percent of which speak an indigenous language

[Review of] Charles C. Moskos. Greek Americans: Struggle and Success

This book should be of primary interest to people at the some thirty colleges and universities which offer courses in Greek American literature and culture. First published in 1980, the major strong point of this book is that the two added chapters and appendix deal with very recent developments on the Greek American scene, particularly the candidacy of Michael Dukakis for president

[Review of] Richard D. Alba. Ethnic Identity: The Transformation of White America

Believing that a relatively small amount of research has been done with the ethnic identity of white Americans, Alba surveyed 524 whites in the Albany, New York, area. The majority were English, French, German, and Scottish whose forebears had been in this country for several generations. There were also numerous Irish, and among later immigrants, fairly large numbers of Italian and Polish descent

[Review of] Ronald D. Dennis. The Call of Zion: The Story of the First Welsh Mormon Emigration

Like so many accounts of immigration, this has both a dark side and a light side. The latter is primarily a story of courage and determination and final success. The former is one of persecution and of propaganda, both pro- and anti-Mormon

[Review of] David Greenslade. Welsh Feuer

Greenslade\u27 s rather mod title underlines his main thesis -- namely, that ethnic consciousness among Welsh descendants in North America is very high indeed. Both his own evidence and my own observations convince me that he is perfectly justified in his assertion. The one thing he does not really address is why

[Review of] Allen G. Noble, ed. To Build in a New Land: Ethnic Landscapes in North America

Like so many works with sections on various subdivisions of a general topic overseen by a general editor, this volume has its ups and downs. The thesis -- that various ethnic groups have provided America with various sorts of architectural styles and modifications of native structures -- is new and fascinating

[Review of] Frank J. Cavaioli and Salvatore J. LaGumina. The Peripheral Americans

This book is primarily a discussion of foreign ethnic groups who have come to the United States. Perhaps the most striking thing about it is that it is a revision of The Ethnic Dimension in American Society (Holbrook Press, Boston, 1974) with the authors\u27 names reversed